When exploring early intervention options for children who need additional support, two prominent evidence-based therapies often arise: Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) and the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM). While both approaches share foundational principles, they can differ in how they are implemented. At their core, ESDM builds upon the principles of ABA, offering a progressive, play-based, and child-led approach to learning and development.
ABA: A Structured Approach to Learning
ABA is often misunderstood as being a single, rigid therapy ABA is actually a broad label that summarises the science of behaviour and learning principles, which are applied to a variety of different interventions. These principles focus on understanding the relationship between behaviour and the environment to teach new skills and improve quality of life. ABA provides the foundation for many therapeutic approaches, including structured behavioural therapies and more flexible, naturalistic models such as the ESDM Model.
Key features of Structured ABA include:
- Adult-Led Sessions: Therapy is typically guided by a therapist who selects activities and directs the learning.
- Discrete Trial Training (DTT): Highly structured learning, where a child works through repeated trials to learn specific skills with rewards like stickers or food for correct behaviours.
- Clear Goals and Progress Tracking: ABA emphasises measurable outcomes, ensuring progress is closely monitored.
- Age Range: ABA can be applied across all ages, from young children to adults.
While ABA has been instrumental in improving outcomes for many children, its structured, adult-driven approach may feel rigid for some families seeking more natural, play-based interventions.
ESDM: A Play-Based, Child-Centred Model
The Early Start Denver Model (ESDM) takes the principles of ABA and integrates them into a developmentally appropriate, play-based framework for children aged 6 months to 5 years. ESDM emphasises shared control between the therapist and child, focusing on building relationships, fostering intrinsic motivation, and making learning engaging.
Key features of ESDM include:
- Child-Led Activities: Therapy follows the child’s interests, with activities designed to maximise motivation and engagement.
- Natural Reinforcement: Rather than using structured rewards, ESDM relies on social rewards like praise, smiles, and playtime.
- Joint Play Activities: Therapists embed learning opportunities into playful, natural interactions that fit seamlessly into daily routines.
- Focus on Relationships: Positive affect, such as warm tones and smiles, is used consistently to build trust and attachment.
- Holistic Development: Multidisciplinary collaboration with speech therapists, occupational therapists, and other professionals supports all areas of development.
Key Differences Between ABA and ESDM
While ESDM shares the evidence-based foundation of ABA, it diverges in several critical ways:
A Focus on ABC Learning: Similar Foundations
Both ABA and ESDM rely on the core principles of behavioural learning: Antecedent, Behaviour, and Consequence (ABC). The Therapists present a cue or clear instruction (the antecedent),the child responds (the behaviour), followed by a positive consequence. The key difference lies in the way in which this is presented. ESDM takes a more indirect, play-based approach to teaching. In contrast, structured ABA uses a more direct, adult-led approach to guide learning.
Choosing the Right Approach for Your Child
Every child is unique, and the choice between ABA and ESDM depends on their individual needs and developmental goals. ABA may be suitable for children who benefit from highly structured environments, while ESDM is ideal for younger children who thrive in natural, play-based settings.
At The Little Co., we pride ourselves on working collaboratively with families to understand each child’s unique strengths, interests, and needs. Whether using ABA, ESDM, or a combination of both, our approach is always tailored to what will be most effective and meaningful for your child. Through individualised planning and compassionate support, we aim to foster growth, build confidence, and help children reach their full potential in a way that feels natural and engaging for them. Together, we’ll create a plan that works for your family.
